Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning

15th century Abbasid ablution ad-Din Anatolia Arab arabesque arcades arches architects areas Baghdad brick built Cairo caliph calligraphy caravanserais carved Central Asia centre chamber citadel colour columns complex construction corner court courtyard covered craftsmen Damascus decoration Delhi designs dome dynasty early Egypt enclosure entrance example exterior façade Fatimid floor fountain Friday Mosque function garden gates gateway geometric glazed hammām India inscription interior Iran Iranian Iraq Isfahan Islamic architecture Islamic buildings Islamic world Istanbul iwān īwāns khānaqāh khāns madrasa Mamluk marble mausoleum Mecca mihrab minaret minbar monumental motifs Mughal Muhammad muqarnas muqarnas vault Muslim niches octagonal original Ottoman Ottoman period palace panels patterns pavilions portal prayer hall qibla qibla wall Qur'an rectangular religious roof ruler Safavid Samarra sanctuary Seljuq side square squinches stone storeys structure stucco Sultan surface symbolic Syria techniques tile-mosaic tiles Timurid tomb towers tradition Turkish Umayyad urban vaults wooden