Every Nominative cafe, except the cafe Abfolute, and when an addrefs is made to a Per-. fon, belongs to fome Verb, either expreffed or implied [6]: as in the answer to a Question: "Who wrote this Book? Cicero:" that is, "Cicero wrote it." Or when the Verb is understood; as,

"To whom thus Adam :"

that is, Spake.

Every Poffeffive cafe fuppofes fome Noun to which it belongs: as when we fay, "St. Paul's,

"Whofe own example ftrengthens all his laws, And is himself the great fublime he draws.”

Pope, Effay on Crit.

"Will martial flames for ever fire thy mind, And never, never be to heav'n refign'd ?”

Odyffey, xii. 145.

"And will [it, thy mind,] never

[6] "Which rule, if it had been obferved, a neighbouring Prince would have wanted a great deal of that incenfe, which had been offered up to him by his adorers." Atterbury, Serm. I. 1. The Pronoun it is here the Nominative cafe to the Verb obferved; and which rule is left by itself, a Nominative case without any Verb following it. This manner of expreffion, however improper, is very common. It ought to be, "If this rule had been obferved, &c.' "2 "We have no better materials to compound the Priesthood of, than the mafs of mankind: which, corrupted as it is, those who receive Orders must have fome vices to leave behind them, when they enter into the Church." Swift, Sentiments of a Church of England man.、

or St. James's," we mean St. Paul's Church, or St. James's Palace.

Every Adjective has relation to fome Subftantive, either expreffed or implied: as, "The Twelve," that is, Apoftles; "the wife, the elect," . that is, perfons.

In some instances the Adjective becomes a Subftantive, and has an Adjective joined to it: as, "the chief Good;" "Evil, be thou my Good [7]!"

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[7] Adjectives are fometimes employed as Adverbs; improperly, and not agreeably to the Genius of the English language. As "indifferent, honest, excellent well:" Shakespear, Hamlet. " extreme elaborate :" Dryden, Effay on Dram. Poet. "marvellous graceful:" Clarendon, Life, p. 18. "marvellous worthy to be praised:" Pfal. cxlv. 3. for fo the Tranflators gave it; "extreme unwilling" " "extreme subject:" Swift, Tale of a Tub, and Battle of Books; "extraordinary rare :" Addison, on Medals. "He behaved himself conformable to that bleffed example." Sprat's Sermons, p. 80. " I fhall endeavour to live hereafter suitable to a man in my ftation." Addifon, Spect. N° 530. "The Queen having changed her miniftry suitable to her own wisdom." Swift, Exam. No 28. "The affertions of this Author are easily detected." Swift, Public Spirit of the Whigs. "The Characteristic of his Sect allowed him to affirm noftronger than that." Bentley, Phil. Lipf. Remark liii. "If our author had spoken nobler and loftier than another." Ibid. “Xenophon fays exprefs." Ibid. Remark xiv. "I can never think lo very mean of him." Id. Differtation on Phalaris,

In others, the Subftantive becomes an Adjective, or fupplies its place; being prefixed to

another

P. 24. "Homer defcribes this river agreeable to the vulgar reading." Pope, Note on Iliad ii. ver. 1032. So exceeding, for exceedingly, however improper, occurs frequently in the Vulgar Translation of the Bible, and has obtained in common discourse. " Many men reafon exceeding clear and rightly, who know not how to make a fyllogifm." Locke. "We should live foberly, righteously, and godly in this prefent world." Tit. ii. 12. See alfo 2 Tim. iii. 12. "To convince all that are ungodly among them, of all their ungodly deeds, which they have ungodly committed." Jude, 15. "I think it very masterly written." Swift to Pope, Letter lxxiv. "O Liberty, Thou Goddess heavenly bright."

Addifon.

The Termination ly, being a contraction of like, expreffes fimilitude or manner; and, being added to Nouns, forms Adjectives; and, added to Adjectives, forms Adverbs. But adverbs expreffing fimilitude, or manner, cannot be fo formed from Nouns: the few Adverbs, that are so formed, have a very different import: as daily, yearly; that is, day by day, year by year. Early, both Adjective and Adverb, is formed from the Saxon Prepofition ær, before. The Adverbs therefore above noted are not agreeable to the Analogy of formation established in our Language, which requires godlily, ungodlily, heavenlily: but these are difagreeable to the ear, and therefore could never gain admittance into common use.

The

another Subftantive, and linked to it by a mark of conjunction; as, "fea-water; land-tortoife; forest-tree."

ADVERBS have no Government [8]

The Adverb, as its name imports, is generally placed close or near to the word, which it modifies

The word lively, ufed as an Adverb, instead of livelily, is liable to the fame objection; and, not being fo familiar to the ear, immediately offends it. "That part of poetry muft needs be beft, which describes moft lively our actions and paffions, our virtues and our vices." Dryden, Pref. to State of Innocence. "The whole defign muft refer to the Golden Age, which it lively reprefents." Addifon, on Medals, Dial. II.

On the other hand, an Adverb is improperly used as an Adjective in the following paffages. "We may caft in fuch feeds and principles, as we judge most likely to take foonest and deepest root." Tillotson, Vol. I. Serm. 52. "After thefe wars, of which they hope for a foon and profperous iffue." Sidney. "Ufe a little wine for thy ftomach's fake, and thine often infirmities." 1 Tim. v. 23. Unless foon and often were formerly Adjectives, though now wholly obfolete in that form. See Johnfon's Dictionary; Oftentimes, and Soonly.

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[8] "How much foever the reformation of this corrupt and degenerate age is almost utterly to be defpaired of, we may yet have a more comfortable pro. fpect of future times." Tillotson, I. Pref. to Serm. 49 The first part of this Sentence abounds with Adverbs;

fies or affects; and its propriety and force depends on its pofition [9]. Its place for the most part is before Adjectives; after Verbs Active or Neuter; and it frequently ftands between the Auxiliary and the Verb: as, " He made a very elegant harangue; he spake unaffectedly and forcibly; and was attentively heard by the whole audience."

Two Negatives in English deftroy one another, or are equivalent to an Affirmative [1]: as, " Nor

Adverbs; and thofe fuch, as are hardly confiftent with one another.

[9] Thus it is commonly faid, "I only fpake three words;" when the intention of the fpeaker manifeftly requires, "I fpake only three words."

"Her body shaded with a flight cymarr,
Her bofom to the view was only bare.”

Dryden, Cymon and Iphig.

The fenfe neceffarily requires this order,

"Her bofom only to the view was bare." [1] The following are examples of the contrary; "Give not me counsel ;

Nor let no comforter delight mine ear.”

Shakespear, Much ado. "She cannot love,

Nor take no fhape nor project of affection." Ibid. Shakespear uses this conftruction frequently. It is a relique of the antient ftyle, abounding with Negatives; which is now grown wholly obfolete : "And of his port as meke as is a mayde: He never yet no vilanie ne fayde

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