revival at the same time in the West. The twelfth century may certainly be designated as the first Hellenic renaissance in the history of Byzantium. BIBLIOGRAPHY For general works, see the first chapter of the first volume. MONOGRAPHS ON THE EPOCH OF THE COMNENI AND ANGELI: Wilken, Fr. Rerum ab Alexio I, Joanne et Manuele Comnenis Gestarum Libri iv (Heidelberg, 1811). Brief and out of date. Chalandon, F. Essai sur le règne d' Alexis 1-er Comnène (1081-1118). Paris, 1900 (Les Comnène: études sur l'Empire Byzantin aux xi-e et xii-e siècles. I). Chalandon, F. Jean II Comnène (1118–1143) et Manuel I Comnène (1143-1180). Paris, 1912 (Les Comnène: études sur l'Empire Byzantin aux xi-e et xii-e siècles. II). Two very important monographs, especially from the point of view of external policy. Kap-Herr, H. von. Die abendländische Politik Kaiser Manuels (Strassburg, 1881). An accurate dissertation. Zeller, Ch. F. Andronikus der Komnene Römischer Kaiser. Ein historisches Gemälde aus dem ost-römischen Kaiserthume im zwölften Jahrhundert. I. II (Stuttgart, 1804). Out of date. Wilken, Fr. Andronikus Comnenus. Historisches Taschenbuch von Raumer, II (1831), 431–545. Out of date. Pervanoglu, J. Historische Bilder aus dem byzantinischen Reiche. I. Andronik Comnenus (Leipzig, 1879). Of no importance. Uspensky, Th. The Emperors Alexius II and Andronicus Comneni. The Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, vol. 212 (1880), 95-130, and vol. 214 (1881), 52-85 (in Russian). Interesting; unfinished. Radojčić, N. Dva posljednja Komnena na carigradskom prijestolu (Zagreb, 1907). In Croation. (The two last Comneni on the Byzantine throne). Brief, but good. Diehl, Ch. Andronic Comnène. Figures byzantines. Sec. serie (Paris, 1908), 86-133. Brilliantly written. Cognasso, Fr. Partiti politici e lotte dinastiche in Bizanzio alla morte di Manuele Comneno (Turin, 1912). Reale Accademia delle scienze di Torino. Anno 1911-1912. Excellent study on the time of Alexius II and Andronicus. Bréhier, L. Andronic I. Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. II (Paris, 1914), coll. 1776-1782. Very good article. Uspensky, Th. The Last Comneni. The beginning of a reaction, in the Vizantiysky Vremennik, xxv (1927-28), 1–23 (in Russian). Nothing is added to the above mentioned article by the same author. Cognasso, Fr. Un imperatore bizantino della decadenza Isacco II Angelo. Bessarione, anno xix, vol. xxxi (1915), 29-60 and 246-89; also reprinted separately (Roma, 1915). THE CRUSADES: The literature on the Crusades is enormous. Here only a few works among many may be mentioned. Extended bibliography in Cambridge Medieval History, V, 867-71. For the general history of the Crusades: Kugler, B. Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Berlin, 1880; 2d ed., 1891). Röhricht, R. Geschichte der Kreuzzüge im Umriss (Innsbruck, 1898). The two following books are very important from the point of view of the history of Byzantium: Uspensky, Th. A History of the Crusades (St. Petersburg, 1900). In Russian. Bréhier, L. L'Eglise et l'Orient au moyen âge. Les croisades (Paris, 1907; 5th ed., 1928). The First Crusade: Sybel, H. Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Leipzig, 1841; the two later editions came out almost without change). Still today the most important work. Chalandon, F. Histoire de la première croisade jusqu'à l'élection de Godefroi de Bouillon (Paris, 1925). An unfinished posthumous work. The Fourth Crusade: Mitrofanov, P. The change in the direction of the Fourth Crusade, in Luchaire, A. Innocent III. La question d'Orient (Paris, 1907). Tafel, G. L. F. Komnenen und Normannen (Stuttgart, 1870). Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en GERMANY: Vasilievsky, V. G. From the History of Byzantium in the twelfth century. The Alliance of the Two Empires (1148-1155), in the Slavyansky Sbornik, II (St. Petersburg, 1877), 210-90 (in Russian). Very important. VENICE Hodgson, F. C. The Early History of Venice from the foundation to the conquest of Constantinople a. d. 1204 (London, 1901). Kretschmayr, H. Geschichte von Venedig, I (Gotha, 1905). Important. Diehl, Ch. Une république patricienne. Venise (Paris, 1916). Beautifully written. THE SECOND KINGDOM OF BULGARIA Uspensky, Th. The formation of the Second Kingdom of Bulgaria (Odessa, 1879). In Russian. Vasilievsky, V. G. A Review of the work of Uspensky just quoted, in the Journal of the Ministry of Public Instruction, vol. 204 (1879), 144-217 and 318-48 (in Russian). Very important. Jireček, C. Geschichte der Bulgaren (Prague, 1876). CHURCH HISTORY Lebedev, A. P. Historical essays on the Byzantine Eastern Church Norden, W. Das Papsttum und Byzanz. Die Trennung der beiden Grossu, N. The Church and Religious activity of the Byzantine Em- Idem, The Attitude of the Byzantine Emperors John II and Manuel I Both articles have been printed in Russian in the Transactions of the Spiritual Academy of Kiev, 1912. Oeconomos, L. La vie religieuse dans l'empire byzantin au temps des Uspensky, Th. Essays on the History of Byzantine Civilization (St. CULTURE Neumann, C. Griechische Geschichtschreiber und Geschichtsquellen im zwölften Jahrhundert. Studien zu Anna Comnena, Theod. Prodromus, Joh. Cinnamus (Leipzig, 1888). Anna Dalassena: Diehl, Ch. Anna Dalassène. Figures byzantines. I (Paris, 1906), 317– 42; an English translation by H. Bell, Byzantine Portraits (New York, 1927), pp. 300-25. Anna Comnena: Oster, E. Anna Komnena, i-iii (Rastatt, 1868-71). Adam, Paul. Princesses byzantines (Paris, 1893). McCabe, J. The Empresses of Constantinople (Boston, s. d.), pp. 197– 217. Sommerard, L. du. Deux princesses d'orient au xii-e siècle. Anne Com- Miller, W. A Byzantine blue stocking: Anne Comnena. Essays on the Mitchison, Naomi. Anna Comnena. Representative Women (London, Buckler, Georgiana. Anna Comnena: a Study (Oxford, 1929), pp. 558. A complete translation of the "Alexiad" of Anna Comnena, by Dawes, Elizabeth A. S. The Alexiad of the princess Anna Comnena (London, 1928). Michael Acominatus: Ellissen, A. Michael Akominatos von Chonä (Göttingen, 1846). Nicetas Choniates (Acominatus): Uspensky, Th. A Byzantine writer, Nicetas Acominatus, of Chonai (St. Petersburg, 1874). In Russian. Eustathius of Thessalonica: Duchataux, V. Eustathe, Archevêque de Thessalonique. Sa vie, ses oeuvres, son histoire du siège et de la prise de Thessalonique par les Normands Siciliens, in the Travaux de l'Académie Nationale de Reims. Vol. CVIII, t. II (1899-1900). Reims, 1902. Cohn. Eustathius, in Pauly-Wissowa. Real Encyclopädie, vi (1909), coll. 1452-89. Very good article. Κουκουλέ, Φ. Λαογραφικαὶ εἰδήσεις παρὰ τῷ Θεσσαλονίκης Ευσταθίῳ, in the Επετηρὶς Εταιρείας Βυζαντινῶν Σπουδῶν, Ι (Athens, 1924), 5-40. Theophylact of Achrida (of Bulgaria): Vasilievsky, V. Byzantium and the Patzinaks. Works, I (1908), 134-49. Important. Chalandon, F. Essai sur le règne d'Alexis I-er Comnène, p. xxiii-xxviii. Leib, B. Rome, Kiev et Byzance à la fin du XI-e siècle (Paris, 1924), pp. 41-50. Theodore Prodromus: Papadimitriu, T. D. Theodore Prodromus (Odessa, 1905). In Russian. Diehl, Ch. Un poète de cour au siècle des Comnènes. Figures byzantines, II (Paris, 1909), 134-63. Constantine Stilbes: Loparev, Chr. On the Byzantine humanist Constantine Stilbes (of the twelfth century) and his Works, in the Vizantiyskoe Obozrenie, III (1917), 57-88. In Russian. Michael Glykas: Krumbacher, K. Michael Glykas, in Sitzungsberichte der philosophishphilologischen und historischen Classe der K. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1894, pp. 391-460. CHAPTER VIII THE EMPIRE OF NICAEA (1204–1261) States formed in the thirteenth century on the territory of the Byzantine Empire.-The Fourth Crusade, which had ended in the taking and sacking of Constantinople, brought about the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire and the formation, on its territory, of a great number of states, partly Frankish, partly Greek; the former received West European feudal organization. The Franks formed the following states: The Latin or Constantinopolitan Empire, the kingdom of Thessalonica (Salonica), the principality of Achaia in the Peloponnesus (Morea) and the Duchy of Athens and Thebes in Middle Greece; the sway of Venice extended over the Byzantine islands of the Aegean and Ionian Seas, the Island of Crete, and a certain number of littoral and inland places. Along with the Latin feudal possessions on the territory of the disintegrated Eastern Empire, three independent Greek centres were formed: the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond in Asia Minor, and the Despotat of Epirus in Northern Greece. Baldwin, count of Flanders, became emperor of Constantinople and master of the greater part of Thrace; Boniface, marquess of Montferrat, became king of Thessalonica (Salonica), with power extending over Macedonia and Thessaly; William of Champlitte and after him Geoffrey de Villehardouin were princes in the Peloponnesus (Morea), and Othon de la Roche took the title of duke (Sire), or, as he was called by his Greek subjects, Megaskyr or "Great Lord" of both Athens and Thebes. In the three Greek states the following princes reigned: at Nicaea (in Bithynia) Theodore I Lascaris, at Trebizond Alexius I Comnenus, and in the Despotat of Epirus Michael I Angelus Ducas Comnenus. Moreover, we must not lose sight of the fact that the two foreign states-the second Bulgarian Empire through the ac |