The External Policy of Justinian and His Ideology Wars with the Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Visigoths. The Results The Ecclesiastical Policy of Justinian. The Closing of the Athenian School. The Fifth Ecumenical Council. The Internal Policy of Justinian. The Nika Revolt The Immediate Successors of Justinian. Their Religious Policy. Maurice. Persia. The Slavs and the Avars. The Forma- Causes of the Arabian Conquests in the Seventh Century Arabian Conquests up to the Early Eighth Century. Constantine The Slavonic Advance in the Balkan Peninsula and in Asia Minor. The Origin of the Bulgarian Kingdom. The Religious Policy of the Heraclian Dynasty. Monotheletism. "The Exposition of Faith" (Ecthesis) of Heraclius. "The Type of Faith" of Constantine III. The Sixth Ecumenical The Origin and Development of the Organization of the Themes 265 The Attitude toward the Arabs, Bulgarians, and Slavs The Internal Activities of the Emperors of the Isaurian or Syrian Dynasty. Legislation. Themes. Iconoclasm. The Origin of the Movement and Its First Period. Summary of the Activities of the Isaurian Dynasty The Immediate Successors of the Isaurian House (802-20) and The Byzantine Empire and the Arabs in the Epoch of the Amorian Dynasty. The Insurrection of Thomas the Slavonian. The First Russian Attack on Constantinople 332 The Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarians in the Epoch of the The Second Period of Iconoclasm and the Restoration of Orthodoxy. The Separation of Churches in the Ninth Literature, Learning, and Art during the Iconoclastic Period CHAPTER VI. THE EPOCH OF THE MACEDONIAN DYNASTY (867- 1056) AND THE PERIOD OF TROUBLES (1056-81) The Internal Affairs of the Macedonian Dynasty. Church Affairs in the Epoch of the Macedonian Dynasty. The Legislative Work of the Macedonian Emperors and Education, Learning, Literature, and Art in the Period of the PREFACE The first volume of my book on the history of Byzantium, which appeared in Russian in the year 1917, was in press during the last months of imperial Russia and the early days of the first revolution. This volume appeared, then, in the summer of 1917 under the title, Lectures in the History of Byzantium. Vol. I. To the Crusades (until the year 1081). Since then ten years have passed. These years have, in the field of Byzantine studies, proved remarkably rich in brilliant work. When in the year 1926, through the liberality of the University of Wisconsin, this translation became possible, I was faced with a difficulty. It seemed very unwise to translate the book in the form in which it had been published in 1917, for it would now be entirely out of date. Besides, the Russian edition was entirely lacking in footnotes. I have, therefore, supplied this English edition with footnotes, brought it, so far as possible, up to date, and, moreover, added sections on literature, learning, and art. In my references to the literature of the subject and in the bibliographies I have, I believe, indicated the most important standard works as well as the most recent publications. The attempt at a more or less complete bibliography on Byzantine history did not, of course, enter into my problem. Hence this English edition is not merely a translation of my Russian volume, but a complete revision of it; in places it is almost an entirely new book. In my account I followed the chronological order, dividing the book into six chapters. Like any other scheme, the chronological scheme of this work is, of course, only tentative; and I am fully aware of the fact that it sometimes leads to serious inconveniences. External history suffers from such a scheme only to a slight degree; but in an account of internal history it asigns to different chapters parts of a continuous process, causing ambiguities, fragmentariness, repetition. This, it will be seen, is what happened in such processes |